Sound

Sound motif -
A sound effect or combination of sound effects that are associated with a particular character, setting, situation or idea through the film. An example of a sound motif would be the background music is Jaws that the shark approaches

example of sound motif in jaws (1:35)

Parallel Sound-
When the musical tone matches the action on the screen. This is seen during the below clip from Casino Royale were the background music builds up audience tension during the chase scene.

Casino Royale Parkour Chase (1:36)

Contrapuntal sound-
Sometimes when we are watching a film, we hear sound that doesn’t seem to match what we are seeing. what we see and what we hear do not match. This is called contrapuntal sound ‘Contrapuntal’ means ‘at a counterpoint to’. An example of this is from the film The Birds. The images gives off a sense of tension, but the music is completely childlike & carefree. With the children being the source of the music it increases the tension as they are unaware of the danger. 

The Birds

Direct address -
When a character on screen directly addresses the audience, alternative of a voice over. An example of this is in the BBC show Miranda, she is often seen talking directly to the audience.

Miranda (32 seconds)